Citing uncertainty about the volume of the aquifer, its rate of recharge from the surface, and the likelihood of harm to the local environment, conservationists advocated a precautionary approach to groundwater use, while productivist state agents and private investors manipulated and concealed data in order to justify continued exploitation. In one such case, between 19 heavy extraction from the Almonte-Marismas aquifer system in the arid province of Huelva, Spain, created rapid economic growth that threatened valuable groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Large-scale groundwater use transformed environments and economies but created new stakeholder conflicts and problems of long-term stability.
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International transfers of expertise and technology in the postwar era provided access to previously untapped aquifers around the world.
The journaly full#
The quite sudden introduction of wind in the realm of finance in 1720 triggered an explosion of cartoons and texts full of wind symbolism, which affected the traditional iconography of wind and helped to take the temperature of the economy. We argue that (1) the introduction of derivatives within a well-established stock market called for a new kind of conceptualization of (speculative) trade, indicating both the high gain potential and the inherent risks (2) as wind and air were reconceptualized in scientific research (from spirit to substance), they gained suitability as metaphors for a trade that is both solid and highly evaporative and (3) the Dutch Republic provided a tradition in the economization of wind, through an advanced industrial windmill park, where merchants could invest in wind through shareholder companies. In this article, the sudden and nationally confined rise of “wind” as a financial term is explained by combining arguments from the history of finance, science, and industry. The use of this concept appears to be limited to the Netherlands: in France and England the term “wind trade” is rarely used. During the financial crisis of 1719–20, the term windhandel (wind trade) suddenly gained momentum as the preferred term in reference to high-risk trading in shares and derivatives. This article describes how the concept of wind came to embody speculative trade in the Dutch Republic. In order to explain such phenomena as the ideological devaluation of Islamic societies, the Egyptian campaign, and the development of nineteenth-century scholarly Orientalism it is necessary to understand the Old Regime and its knowledge-making. Finally, this essay reveals long-term continuities in personnel, knowledge, and ideas that cut across the revolutionary era. Venture’s endeavors help to pinpoint the place of formal scholarship in eighteenth-century French knowledge-making in the Mediterranean, as well as to see how Enlightenment ideas about Oriental despotism were grafted onto the European tradition of Arabic scholarship during the Old Regime. Using both archival sources and Venture’s scholarly manuscripts, this study reconstructs his long and polymorphous career.
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He also undertook a variety of scholarly projects, almost all of which remained unpublished in his lifetime. Jean-Michel Venture de Paradis was a French dragoman (diplomatic interpreter) in the eighteenth century, serving consulates and missions across the Mediterranean and later working as General Napoleon Bonaparte’s chief Arabic interpreter during the Egyptian campaign of 1798. The editors welcome for review articles that contain: novel discoveries or clinicopathologic correlations including studies in oncology, infectious diseases, inherited diseases, predisposition to disease, clinical informatics, or the description of polymorphisms linked to disease states or normal variations the application of diagnostic methodologies in clinical trials or the development of new or improved molecular methods which may be applied to diagnosis or monitoring of disease or disease predisposition.What was the relationship between the component parts of early modern French knowledge-making in the Mediterranean? And how did the revolutionary decade transform the Old Regime knowledge ecosystem? This essay seeks answers through the prism of a single life. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, the official publication of the Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP), co-owned by the American Society for Investigative Pathology (ASIP), seeks to publish high quality original papers on scientific advances in the translation and validation of molecular discoveries in medicine into the clinical diagnostic setting, and the description and application of technological advances in the field of molecular diagnostic medicine.